dark spots on the photosphere are known as

The most powerful and fastest movements of the photospheric gas (the Evershed flows) take place precisely in the 'cold' spots, and solar flares emerge in them. It turns out that the 'cold' spots shine brightly against the background of the photosphere in ultraviolet (1 ~ 10 nm) and X-rays, and the hotter faculae around the spots look very dark (X-ray brightness of the spots is 100 times greater than the photosphere). If we compare the data of the Sun's cosmic observations with the predictions made on the basis of the concept of cold sunspots, then a paradoxical or even absurd picture of the processes and phenomena occurring on the surface of the Sun and in its atmosphere is obtained. Without a clear understanding of the processes taking place in the sunspot and causing its darkness in visible light, without precise data on the actual temperature of the photospheric gas in spots, the solution of many other problems of solar physics is hardly possible. Meanwhile, the key role of spots in all manifestations of solar activity is obvious.

The negative aspect of this circumstance is that new ideas and alternative hypotheses about the nature of sunspots are not considered and, apparently, are generally not allowed to be discussed in the scientific literature. Not subjected to either empirical or theoretical verification, is already actually elevated to the rank of the postulate of solar physics. Moreover, the a priori statement that 'the spots are dark, because they are cold and cold, because their magnetic fields impede convection', consisting of two circulus vitiosus, These words, written more than half a century ago, sound surprisingly modern and relevant, because even today the visible darkness of sunspots is an indisputable proof of their coldness. Nevertheless, it is almost certain that the coolness of a spot is due to a reduction in the amount of energy convected upwards, resulting in some way from the influence of the magnetic field'. However, observations of granulation in sunspot umbrae, described in Section 3.6, show that the convection is not suppressed for this and other reasons both Biermann's and Hoyle's theories are no longer tenable. In the context of the foregoing, it is appropriate to quote one quotation from the well-known monograph on sunspots : 'The first magnetic theories of sunspot cooling were based on the suggestions that convection within the spot umbra is suppressed (Biermann) or diluted (Hoyle) by the field (cf. In addition, no convincing mechanism for magnetic spot cooling has been presented so far. However, almost all the observational data on the Sun, with the exception of visible dark spots, do not agree with the model of a cold sunspot or contradict it.

It is believed that the spots are dark, because they are cold, and cold, because their magnetic fields prevent convective heat transfer to the surface of the Sun. In the list of unresolved problems in the physics of the Sun, questions about the temperature of matter of sunspots and the cause of their darkness are not listed. Such an explanation follows from the results of experimental studies of the effect of magnetic fields on the intensity of visible light of tungsten filaments of electric incandescent lamps, described in detail in. This work is a continuation of the work, in which the darkness of sunspots is explained by the influence of the magnetic field of the spot on the intensity of the radiation of the photospheric gas, as a result of which the spots must be hot, and not cold. Keywords: dark spots on the Sun, quenching of radiation by a magnetic field, negative hydrogen ion. The heating and darkness of sunspots are due to the dissipation of the energy of electronic excitation of negative hydrogen ions induced by the magnetic field of the spot. Based on the results of an experimental study of the effect of a magnetic field on the intensity of visible light emitted by a tungsten filament lamp, a hot sunspot model was proposed. It is shown that a dark sunspot can only be hot. Soika Alexander Kuzmich, Military Academy of the Republic of Belarus, professor, Department of Physics E-mail: THE NATURE OF DARK SUNSPOTS: A MODEL OF HOT SPOTSĪbstract: The empirical and physical inconsistency of the cold sunspot model is shown.

Dark spots on the photosphere are known as